Saturday 3 November 2007

Food miles

Food miles
The concept of food miles is part of a broader issue of sustainability which deals with a large range of issues, including local food.

Recent findings indicate that it is not only how far the food has travelled but how it has travelled that is important to consider.
The positive environmental effects of specialist organic farming may be offset by increased transportation, unless it is produced by local farms.
But even then the logistics and effects on other local traffic may play a big role. Also, many trips by personal cars to external shopping centres would have a negative environmental impact compared to a few truck loads to neighbourhood stores that can be easily accessed by walking or cycling. A locavore endeavors to eat food from within a foodshed having a radius of 100 miles.

Criticism of food miles
Critics of food miles point out that transport is only one component of the total environmental impact of food production and consumption. In fact, any environmental assessment of food that consumers buy needs to take into account how the food has been produced and what energy is used in its production. A recent DEFRA case study indicated that tomatoes grown in Spain and transported to the United Kingdom may have a lower carbon footprint in terms of energy efficiency than tomatoes to be grown in the United Kingdom because of the energy needed to heat greenhouses in the UK.

An 2006 research report from New Zealand's Lincoln University counters claims about food miles by comparing total energy used in food production in Europe and New Zealand, taking into account energy used to ship the food to Europe for consumers. The report states, "New Zealand has greater production efficiency in many food commodities compared to the UK. For example New Zealand agriculture tends to apply less fertilisers (which require large amounts of energy to produce and cause significant CO2 emissions) and animals are able to graze year round outside eating grass instead of large quantities of brought-in feed such as concentrates. In the case of dairy and sheepmeat production NZ is by far more energy efficient, even including the transport cost, than the UK, twice as efficient in the case of dairy, and four times as efficient in case of sheepmeat. In the case of apples NZ is more energy efficient even though the energy embodied in capital items and other inputs data was not available for the UK."

Further study on the total carbon footprint of food is required, of which transport may or may not make a large contribution. However, "Food Miles" signals more than just carbon footprint - which came into being several years later, and also includes transport of virtual water, life cycle assessments, land use and the craziness of moving similar foods backwards and forwards over the same ground.

A commonly ignored element is the local loop. The act of driving further to a more "right-on" food source increases the total carbon footprint. A shopper may buy say 5kg of meat and use about a gallon to get it. That piece of meat could have gone over 60,000 miles by road (40tonner at 8mpg) to require the same carbon in transportation.

From: wikipedia

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